\u3cem\u3eKennedy v. The Baltimore Insurance Company\u3c/em\u3e, 3 H. & J. 367 (1813): The Story of One Baltimore Merchant Among Many Fighting an Insurance Company in Times of War

The Napoleonic Wars in the early 1800’s resulted in many Baltimore merchants obtaining insurance for their vessels and cargo. During this period of unrest, Lemuel Taylor and John F. Kennedy insured a Baltimore vessel which was subsequently captured by the British. This paper contextualizes the case of Kennedy v. The Baltimore Insurance Company within this period and illustrates the struggles faced by many merchants who sought to be reimbursed for their losses. I also tried to focus on the historical backgrounds of the key players to the case, especially Lemuel Taylor and John F. Kennedy. All together, the case of Kennedy v. The Baltimore Insurance Company presents the opportunity to recreate the legal history surrounding maritime insurance in Maryland during the War of 1812

The involvement of nurses and midwives in screening and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances

This report provides details of a review of the literature on the involvement of nurses and midwives in screening and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances

Naming a Mountain Peak - Montana Tech Peak

While conducting research to measure and confirm the elevation of Silver Bow County\u27s highest point, Table Mountain, a group of Montana Tech students came across a heretofore unnamed peak designated as Peak 10131 (which denotes it\u27s height).https://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/stdt_rsch_day_2013/1003/thumbnail.jp

Comparative Growth and Survival of Juvenile Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)Cultured in Copper and Nylon Net Pens

Bio-fouling on net pens has been a major concern for the marine aquaculture industry. As cage systems increase in size, so does the surface area for the attachment of colonial organisms that create drag on the net, reduce water flow important to fish health, and increase operational expenses due to net cleaning. To solve this problem, the International Copper Association (ICA) has been developing copper alloy netting for sea cages. Copper netting has unique properties that minimize bio-fouling, reduce the risk of fish escapement, prevent predators from entering the net pen, and is recyclable. To test the alloy netting, an experiment was conducted to compare juvenile cod cultured in traditional nylon nets with cod grown in Seawire copper netting ([email protected]). Six, 0.78 m3 cages were each stocked with 200 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) averaging 29 ± 2.2 g and grown for 4 months in coastal waters of New Hampshire, USA. Results of the study indicated no significant differences in cod growth, survival, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR), or Fulton’s condition factor (K) between the fish grown in the copper alloy and nylon nets. A chemical analysis was conducted on the cod and indicated no differences in copper levels in muscle, liver and gill tissues taken from the net treatments. Nylon nets with antifouling paint accumulated significantly more bio-fouling than the copper nets. Materials that were in direct contact with the copper netting (plastic cable ties) fouled heavily with hydroids indicating minimal leaching to the environment. This study describes some of the beneficial attributes of copper netting, however future studies need to be conducted over a longer period of time, on a larger scale, and in a more energetic environment to definitively test the utility of this new product

Fault detection for modular multilevel converters based on sliding mode observer

This letter presents a fault detection method for modular multilevel converters (MMC) which is capable of lo¬cating a faulty semiconductor switching device in the circuit. The proposed fault detection method is based on a sliding mode observer (SMO) and a switching model of a half-bridge, the approach taken is to conjecture the location of fault, modify the SMO accordingly and then compare the observed and measured states to verify, or otherwise, the assumption. This technique requires no additional measurement elements and can easily be implemented in a DSP or micro-controller. The operation and robustness of the fault detection technique are confirmed by simulation results for the fault condition of a semiconductor switching device appearing as an open-circuit

Robustness analysis and experimental validation of a fault detection and isolation method for the modular multilevel converter

This paper presents a fault detection and isolation (FDI) method for open-circuit faults of power semiconductor devices in a modular multilevel converter (MMC). The proposed FDI method is simple with only one sliding mode observer (SMO) equation and requires no additional transducers. The method is based on an SMO for the circulating current in an MMC. An open-circuit fault of power semiconductor device is detected when the observed circulating current diverges from the measured one. A fault is located by employing an assumption-verification process. To improve the robustness of the proposed FDI method, a new technique based on the observer injection term is introduced to estimate the value of the uncertainties and disturbances, this estimated value can be used to compensate the uncertainties and disturbances. As a result, the proposed FDI scheme can detect and locate an open-circuit fault in a power semiconductor device while ignoring parameter uncertainties, measurement error and other bounded disturbances. The FDI scheme has been implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) using fixed point arithmetic and tested on a single phase MMC prototype. Experimental results under different load conditions show that an open-circuit faulty power semiconductor device in an MMC can be detected and located in less than 50ms

Control of a hybrid modular multilevel converter during grid voltage unbalance

The recently proposed parallel hybrid modular multilevel converter is considered to be a low loss, low component count converter with soft switching capability of the ‘main’ bridge. The converter has similar advantages to other emerging modular multilevel converter circuits being considered for HVDC power transmission. However, during ac network unbalance the individual ‘chain-links’ exchange unequal amounts of power with the grid which requires appropriate remedial action. This paper presents research into the performance of the converter and proposes a suitable control method that enables the converter to operate during grid voltage unbalance. The proposed control concept involves the use of asymmetric third harmonic voltage generation in the ‘chain-links’ of the converter to redistribute the power exchanged between the individual ‘chain-links’ and the grid. Mathematical analysis and simulation modelling with results are presented to support the work described

Design and implementation of magnetron power supply and emulator

The paper presents a novel resonant based high performance power converter solution for industrial magnetron systems. Based the characteristics of the magnetron, an emulator prototype is also proposed to represent the magnetron load behaviour in a laboratory environment. A detailed design and implementation procedure is presented, including the design and control of the resonant power converter, together with the magnetron emulator in practical aspects. Experimental results are provided in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed converter and emulator

Anomalous CO2 Ice Toward HOPS-68: A Tracer of Protostellar Feedback

We report the detection of a unique CO2 ice band toward the deeply embedded, low-mass protostar HOPS-68. Our spectrum, obtained with the Infrared Spectrograph onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope, reveals a 15.2 micron CO2 ice bending mode profile that cannot modeled with the same ice structure typically found toward other protostars. We develop a modified CO2 ice profile decomposition, including the addition of new high-quality laboratory spectra of pure, crystalline CO2 ice. Using this model, we find that 87-92% of the CO2 is sequestered as spherical, CO2-rich mantles, while typical interstellar ices show evidence of irregularly-shaped, hydrogen-rich mantles. We propose that (1) the nearly complete absence of unprocessed ices along the line-of-sight is due to the flattened envelope structure of HOPS-68, which lacks cold absorbing material in its outer envelope, and possesses an extreme concentration of material within its inner (10 AU) envelope region and (2) an energetic event led to the evaporation of inner envelope ices, followed by cooling and re-condensation, explaining the sequestration of spherical, CO2 ice mantles in a hydrogen-poor mixture. The mechanism responsible for the sublimation could be either a transient accretion event or shocks in the interaction region between the protostellar outflow and envelope. The proposed scenario is consistent with the rarity of the observed CO2 ice profile, the formation of nearly pure CO2 ice, and the production of spherical ice mantles. HOPS-68 may therefore provide a unique window into the protostellar feedback process, as outflows and heating shape the physical and chemical structure of protostellar envelopes and molecular clouds.Comment: Accepted to the Astrophysical Journal, 2013 February 15: 14 pages, 9 figures, 3 table

Arm balancing control and experimental validation of a grid connected MMC with pulsed DC load

This paper focuses on the operation of a grid connected Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) supplying a pulsed DC load. The goal is to achieve minimum AC power fluctuation despite the high power fluctuation present on the DC side. The MMC has been selected for its inherent ability to decouple AC and DC current controllers. How¬ever, if no additional provisions are taken, the pulsed load causes imbalance of cell capacitor voltages between upper and lower arm in each phase. The paper presents the the-oretical analysis of the imbalance problem, and proposes a simple arm balancing controller to enable the operation of the converter under pulsed DC load. The effectiveness of the controller has been successfully verified on a 7 kW MMC experimental prototype with a 3 kA pulsed DC load